Fraternity Manuals

Japanese Eras

From SamuraiWiki

Japanese Era Names and Dates by Ages and Period

The most common method of dating years in Japan has been by using era names (nengô　年号) such as Genki 3 (元亀三年) [1572] or Heisei 19 (平成十九年) [2007]. [1] The starts and the names of the eras are determined by the imperial court.[2] The following is a list of the date of the start of the Japanese eras in chronological order. Note that not all alternate readings of era names have been indicated. For more information read the article on Year dates.

"Periods" and "ages" are determined by historians. The general periods are pretty much agreed upon, but usually the start or end involved several pivotal events which could reasonally be said to demarcate the period. For more information, see the notes. Some vague "periods" such as the Sengoku Period [3] are not listed. For periods of art history, see Nelson's Dictionary.


Contents

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Ancient Age 古代 (--1185)

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Asuka/Yamato Period 飛鳥／大和　時代

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Nara/Yamato Period　奈良／大和　時代 (710-794)[4]

  • 715 霊亀 Reiki
  • 717 養老 Yôrô
  • 724 神亀 Jinki
  • 729 天平 Tenpyô
  • 749 天平感宝 Tenpyô-kanpô
  • 749 天平勝宝 Tenpyô-shôhô
  • 757 天平宝字 Tenpyô-hôji
  • 765 天平神護 Tenpyô-jingo
  • 767 神護景雲 Jingo-keiun
  • 770 宝亀 Hôki
  • 781 天応 Ten'ô
  • 782 延暦 Enryaku
[edit]

Heian Period　平安時代[5]

  • 806 大同 Daidô
  • 810 弘仁 Kônin
  • 824 天長 Tenchô
  • 834 承和 Jôwa (also read as Shôwa)
  • 848 嘉祥 Kajô
  • 851 仁寿 Ninju
  • 854 斉衡 Saikô
  • 857 天安 Tennan
  • 859 貞観 Jôgan
  • 877 元慶 Gangyô (also read as Gankyô or Genkei)
  • 885 仁和 Ninna
  • 889 寛平 Kanpyô
  • 898 昌泰 Shôtai
  • 901 延喜 Engi
  • 923 延長 Enchô
  • 931 承平 Jôhei (also read as Shôhei)
  • 938 天慶 Tengyô
  • 947 天暦 Tenryaku
  • 957 天徳 Tentoku
  • 961 応和 ôwa
  • 964 康保 Kôhô
  • 968 安和 Anna
  • 970 天禄 Tenroku
  • 973 天延 Ten'en
  • 976 貞元 Jôgen
  • 978 天元 Tengen
  • 983 永観 Eikan
  • 985 寛和 Kanna
  • 987 永延 Eien
  • 988 永祚 Eiso
  • 990 正暦 Shôryaku (also read as Jôryaku or Shôreki)
  • 995 長徳 Chôtoku
  • 999 長保 Chôhô
  • 1004 寛弘 Kankô
  • 1012 長和 Chôwa
  • 1017 寛仁 Kannin
  • 1021 治安 Jian
  • 1024 万寿 Manju
  • 1028 長元 Chôgen
  • 1037 長暦 Chôryaku
  • 1040 長久 Chôkyû
  • 1044 寛徳 Kantoku
  • 1046 永承 Eishô (also read as Eijô or Yôjô)
  • 1053 天喜 Tengi
  • 1058 康平 Kôhei
  • 1065 治暦 Jiryaku
  • 1069 延久 Enkyû
  • 1074 承保 Jôhô
  • 1077 承暦 Jôryaku ((also read as Shôryaku or Shôreki)
  • 1081 永保 Eihô
  • 1084 応徳 Ôtoku
  • 1087 寛治 Kanji
  • 1094 嘉保 Kahô
  • 1096 永長 Eichô
  • 1097 承徳 Jôtoku (also read as Shôtoku)
  • 1099 康和 Kôwa
  • 1104 長治 Chôji
  • 1106 嘉承 Kajô (also read as Kashô or Kasô)
  • 1108 天仁 Tennin
  • 1110 天永 Ten'ei
  • 1113 永久 Eikyû
  • 1118 元永 Gen'ei
  • 1120 保安 Hôan
  • 1124 天治 Tenji
  • 1126 大治 Daiji Taiji
  • 1131 天承 Tenshô] (Also read as Tenjō)
  • 1132 長承 Chôshô (also read as Chôjô)
  • 1135 保延 Hôen
  • 1141 永治 Eiji
  • 1142 康治 Kôji
  • 1144 天養 Ten'yô
  • 1145 久安 Kyûan
  • 1151 仁平 Ninpei (also read as Ninpyô)
  • 1154 久寿 Kyûju
  • 1156 保元 Hôgen
  • 1159 平治 Heiji
  • 1160 永暦 Eiryaku
  • 1161 応保 Ôhô
  • 1163 長寛 Chôkan
  • 1165 永万 Eiman
  • 1166 仁安 Ninnan
  • 1169 嘉応 Kaô
  • 1171 承安 Jôan
  • 1175 安元 Angen
  • 1177 治承 Jishô (also read as Jijô)
  • 1181 養和 Yôwa
  • 1182 寿永 Juei
  • 1184 元暦 Genryaku
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Middle Ages 中世 (1185-1573)

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Kamakura Period 鎌倉時代 (1185-1333)[6]

  • 1185 文治 Bunji
  • 1190 建久 Kenkyû
  • 1199 正治 Shôji
  • 1201 建仁 Kennin
  • 1204 元久 Genkyû
  • 1206 建永 Ken'ei
  • 1207 承元 Jôgen
  • 1211 建暦 Kenryaku
  • 1213 建保 Kenpô]
  • 1219 承久 Jôkyû
  • 1222 貞応 Jôô
  • 1224 元仁 Gennin
  • 1225 嘉禄 Karoku
  • 1227 安貞 Antei
  • 1229 寛喜 Kanki (also read as Kangi)
  • 1232 貞永 Jôei
  • 1233 天福 Tenpuku
  • 1234 文暦 Bunryaku
  • 1235 嘉禎 Katei
  • 1238 暦仁 Ryakunin
  • 1239 延応 En'ô
  • 1240 仁治 Ninji
  • 1243 寛元 Kangen
  • 1247 宝治 Hôji
  • 1249 建長 Kenchô
  • 1256 康元 Kôgen
  • 1257 正嘉 Shôka
  • 1259 正元 Shôgen
  • 1260 文応 Bun'ô
  • 1261 弘長 Kôcho
  • 1264 文永 Bun'ei
  • 1275 建治 Kenji
  • 1278 弘安 Kôan
  • 1288 正応 Shôô
  • 1293 永仁 Einin
  • 1299 正安 Shôan
  • 1302 乾元 Kengen
  • 1303 嘉元 Kagen
  • 1306 徳治 Tokuji
  • 1308 延慶 Enkei (also read as Enkyô)
  • 1311 応長 Ôchô
  • 1312 正和 Shôwa
  • 1317 文保 Bunpô
  • 1319 元応 Gen'ô
  • 1321 元亨 Genkyô (also read as Genkô)
  • 1324 正中 Shôchû
  • 1326 嘉暦 Karyaku
  • 1329 元徳 Gentoku
  • 1331 元弘 Genkô
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Muromachi Period 室町時代 (1333-1573)[7]

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Nanbokucho Period 南北朝時代 (1336-1392)

At the present the southern court is officially considered to have been the legitimate court, and thus the southern court era names are considered the official ones. However, most of the country used the northern era names.

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Southern Court
  • 1334 建武 Kemmu
  • 1336 延元 Engen
  • 1340 興国 Kôkoku
  • 1346 正平 Shôhei
  • 1370 建徳 Kentoku
  • 1372 文中 Bunchû
  • 1375 天授 Tenju
  • 1381 弘和 Kôwa
  • 1384 元中 Genchû (Genchû 9 became Meitoku 3 upon reunification)
[edit]
Northern Court
  • 1332 正慶 Shôkei (also read as Shôkyô)
  • (Northern court not in existence between 1333 and 1336)
  • 1338 暦応 Ryakuô
  • 1342 康永 Kôei
  • 1345 貞和 Jôwa
  • 1350 観応 Kannô (also read as Kan'ô)
  • 1352 文和 Bunna
  • 1356 延文 Enbun
  • 1361 康安 Kôan
  • 1362 貞治 Jôji
  • 1368 応安 Ôan
  • 1375 永和 Eiwa
  • 1379 康暦 Kôryaku
  • 1381 永徳 Eitoku
  • 1384 至徳 Shitoku
  • 1387 嘉慶 Kakei
  • 1389 康応 Kôô
  • 1390 明徳 Meitoku
[edit]

Rest of Muromachi Period

  • 1394 応永 Ôei
  • 1428 正長 Shôchô
  • 1429 永享 Eikyô
  • 1441 嘉吉 Kakitsu
  • 1444 文安 Bun'an (also read as Bunnan)
  • 1449 宝徳 Hôtoku
  • 1452 享徳 Kyôtoku
  • 1455 康正 Kôshô
  • 1457 長禄 Chôroku
  • 1460 寛正 Kanshô
  • 1466 文正 Bunshô
  • 1467 応仁 ônin
  • 1469 文明 Bunmei
  • 1487 長享 Chôkyô
  • 1489 延徳 Entoku
  • 1492 明応 Meiô
  • 1501 文亀 Bunki
  • 1504 永正 Eishô
  • 1521 大永 Daiei
  • 1528 享禄 Kyôroku
  • 1532 天文 Tenbun
  • 1555 弘治 Kôji
  • 1558 永禄 Eiroku
  • 1570 元亀 Genki
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Early Modern Age 近世 (1573-1868)

[edit]

Azuchi-Momoyama 安土桃山 (1573-1603) [8]

  • 1573 天正 Tenshô
  • 1592 文禄 Bunroku
  • 1596 慶長 Keichô
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Edo Period 江戸時代 (1603-1868)[9]

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Bakumatsu Period 幕末 [10]

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Modern Age 近代 (1868-1945)

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Present 現代 (1945--)　

Note that the last four eras are sometimes abbreviated as M., T., S., or H.


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Alphabetical list of Nengô　

An'ei安永1772
Angen安元1175
Anna安和968
Ansei安政1854
Antei安貞1227
Bun'an文安1444
Bunchû文中1372
Bun'ei文永1264
Bunji文治1185
Bunka文化1804
Bunki文亀1501
Bunkyû文久1861
Bunmei文明1469
Bunna文和1352
Bun'ô文応1260
Bunpô文保1317
Bunroku文禄1592
Bunryaku文暦1234
Bunsei文政1818
Bunshô文正1466
Chôgen長元1028
Chôhô長保999
Chôji長治1104
Chôkan長寛1163
Chôkyô長享1487
Chôkyû長久1040
Chôroku長禄1457
Chôryaku長暦1037
Chôshô長承1132
Chôtoku長徳995
Chôwa長和1012
Daidô大同806
Daiei大永1521
Daiji大治1126
Eichô永長1096
Eien永延987
Eihô永保1081
Eiji永治1141
Eikan永観983
Eikyô永享1429
Eikyû永久1113
Eiman永万1165
Einin永仁1293
Eiroku永禄1558
Eiryaku永暦1160
Eishô永承1046
Eishô永正1504
Eiso永祚988
Eitoku永徳1381
Eiwa永和1375
Enbun延文1356
Enchô延長923
Engen延元1336
Engi延喜901
Enkei延慶1308
Enkyô延享1744
Enkyû延久1069
En'ô延応1239
Enpô延宝1673
Enryaku延暦782
Entoku延徳1489
Gangyô元慶877
Genbun元文1736
Genchû元中1384
Gen'ei元永1118
Genji元治1864
Genki元亀1570
Genkô元弘1331
Genkyô元亨1321
Genkyû元久1204
Genna元和1615
Gennin元仁1224
Gen'ô元応1319
Genroku元禄1688
Genryaku元暦1184
Gentoku元徳1329
Hakuchi白雉650
Heiji平治1159
Heisei平成1989
Hôan保安1120
Hôei宝永1704
Hôen保延1135
Hôgen保元1156
Hôji宝治1247
Hôki宝亀770
Hôreki宝暦1751
Hôtoku宝徳1449
Jian治安1021
Jingo-
  keiun		神護景雲767
Jinki神亀724
Jiryaku治暦1065
Jishô治承1177
Jôan承安1171
Jôei貞永1232
Jôgan貞観859
Jôgen承元1207
Jôgen貞元976
Jôhei承平931
Jôhô承保1074
Jôji貞治1362
Jôkyô貞享1684
Jôkyû承久1219
Jôô貞応1222
Jôô承応1652
Jôryaku承暦1077
Jôtoku承徳1097
Jôwa貞和1345
Jôwa承和834
Juei寿永1182
Kaei嘉永1848
Kagen嘉元1303
Kahô嘉保1094
Kajô嘉承1106
Kajô嘉祥848
Kakei嘉慶1387
Kakitsu嘉吉1441
Kanbun寛文1661
Kan'ei寛永1624
Kan'en寛延1748
Kangen寛元1243
Kanji寛治1087
Kanki寛喜1229
Kankô寛弘1004
Kanna寛和985
Kannin寛仁1017
Kannô観応1350
Kanpô寛保1741
Kanpyô寛平889
Kansei寛政1789
Kanshô寛正1460
Kantoku寛徳1044
Kaô嘉応1169
Karoku嘉禄1225
Karyaku嘉暦1326
Katei嘉禎1235
Keian慶安1648
Keichô慶長1596
Keiô慶応1865
Keiun慶雲704
Kemmu建武1334
Kenchô建長1249
Ken'ei建永1206
Kengen乾元1302
Kenji建治1275
Kenkyû建久1190
Kennin建仁1201
Kenpô]建保1213
Kenryaku建暦1211
Kentoku建徳1370
Kôan弘安1278
Kôan康安1361
Kôcho弘長1261
Kôei康永1342
Kôgen康元1256
Kôhei康平1058
Kôhô康保964
Kôji康治1142
Kôji弘治1555
Kôka弘化1844
Kôkoku興国1340
Kônin弘仁810
Kôô康応1389
Kôryaku康暦1379
Kôshô康正1455
Kôwa康和1099
Kôwa弘和1381
Kyôhô享保1716
Kyôroku享禄1528
Kyôtoku享徳1452
Kyôwa享和1801
Kyûan久安1145
Kyûju久寿1154
Man'en万延1860
Manji万治1658
Manju万寿1024
Meiji明治1868
Meiô明応1492
Meireki明暦1655
Meitoku明徳1390
Meiwa明和1764
Ninji仁治1240
Ninju仁寿851
Ninna仁和885
Ninnan仁安1166
Ninpei仁平1151
Ôan応安1368
Ôchô応長1311
Ôei応永1394
Ôhô応保1161
Ônin応仁1467
Ôtoku応徳1084
Ôwa応和961
Reiki霊亀715
Ryakunin暦仁1238
Ryakuô暦応1338
Saikô斉衡854
Shitoku至徳1384
Shôan正安1299
Shôchô正長1428
Shôchû正中1324
Shôgen正元1259
Shôhei正平1346
Shôhô正保1644
Shôji正治1199
Shôka正嘉1257
Shôkei正慶1332
Shôô正応1288
Shôryaku正暦990
Shôtai昌泰898
Shôtoku正徳1711
Shôwa正和1312
Shôwa昭和1926
Shuchô朱鳥686
Taihô大宝701
Taika大化645
Taishô大正1912
Tenbun天文1532
Tenchô天長824
Ten'ei天永1110
Ten'en天延973
Tengen天元978
Tengi天喜1053
Tengyô天慶938
Tenji天治1124
Tenju天授1375
Tenmei天明1781
Tenna天和1681
Tennan天安857
Tennin天仁1108
Ten'ô天応781
Tenpô天保1830
Tenpuku天福1233
Tenpyô天平729
Tenpyô-
  hôji		天平宝字757
Tenpyô-
  jingo		天平神護765
Tenpyô-
  kanpô		天平感宝749
Tenpyô-
  shôhô		天平勝宝749
Tenroku天禄970
Tenryaku天暦947
Tenshô天正1573
Tenshô]天承1131
Tentoku天徳957
Ten'yô天養1144
Tokuji徳治1306
Wadô和銅708
Yôrô養老717
Yôwa養和1181
[edit]

Notes

  1. ↑ To find the western equivalent of a year expressed in terms of eras, use: [start date] + [year of period] -1. Thus Keichô 5 (慶長五年) = 1596 +5 -1 =1600.
  2. ↑ "Private eras" （私年号) are occasionally found in literature or on artifacts. For a list of the major ones see the Kôjien.
  3. ↑ 戦国時代, "Period of the Warring Nation" or "Warring Provinces." Start: Ônin War (1477), Hôjô Sôun's invasion of Izu province (1493), or somewhere between; end: Oda Nobunaga's entrance into Kyoto (1568), Toyotomi Hideyoshi's unification of the country (with the defeat of the Go-Hôjô clan 1590), fall of Osaka Castle (1615).
  4. ↑ The period of rule by the imperial court from Nara 奈良 in Yamato province. Ususally the period from 784 to 794 when the capital was in Nagaoko-kyô 長岡京 in Yamashiro province is also included.
  5. ↑ The period of rule by the imperial court from Heian-kyô 平安京, that is, Kyoto.
  6. ↑ The period of rule by the shogunate from Kamakura. Start: establishment of the shogunate by Minamoto Yoritomo (1185), end: end of the Kamakura shogunate (1333)
  7. ↑ The period of the rule of the Ashikaga shoguns from Muromachi in Kyoto. Start: end of the Kamakura Period (1333), start of the Ashikaga Shogunate (1336); end: virtual loss of power by the shogunate (1377), expulsion of the last Ashikaga shogun (1573)
  8. ↑ Period of rule by Oda Nobunaga from Azuchi castle and by Toyotomi Hideyoshi from Fushimi castle in Momoyama, Kyoto. Start: Nobunaga's entry into Kyoto (1568), expulsion of the last Ashikaga shogun (1573); end: Tokugawa Ieyasu's victory at the Battle of Sekigahara (1600), establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate (1603), fall of Osaka Castle (1615)
  9. ↑ The period of the rule of the Tokugawa shoguns from Edo. Start: Tokugawa Ieyasu's victory at the Battle of Sekigahara (1600), esablishment of the Tokugawa shogunate (1603), fall of Osaka Castle (1615); end: resignation of the last Tokugawa shogun (1867), start of the Meiji government (1868). The "Early Edo Period" ended with the death of Tokugawa Iemitsu in 1651.
  10. ↑ "End of the Shogunate." The period from the arrival of Matthew Perry in 1853 to the end of the Boshin War and the establishment of the Meiji government in 1868.
[edit]

References

  • Nelson, A. N., The Modern Reader's Japanese-English Character Dictionary, Rev. ed., Tuttle, 1966.
  • Kôjien Dictionary
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